Adding bound methods dynamically...

**Kevin Little** · Aug 31 '05, 02:45 AM

Re: Adding bound methods dynamically... CORRECTED

#!/usr/bin/env python

# Sorry... :} cut/paste error fixed...

'''
I want to dynamically add or replace bound methods in a class. I want
the modifications to be immediately effective across all instances,
whether created before or after the class was modified. I need this
to work for both old ('classic') and new style classes, at both 2.3
and 2.4. I of course want to avoid side effects, and to make the
solution as light-weight as possible.

Question for the experts: Is the solution coded in AddBoundMethod( )
acceptable to the Pythonian Gods? :) It does seem to work -- tested
at 2.3.5 (RH Linux) and 2.4.1 (WinXP)

Is there a more pythonic way that's as straight forward?
'''

def AddBoundMethod( cls, name, method ):
'''
Dynamically add to the class 'cls' a bound method.

Invoking this method instantly adds (or overwrites) the
bound method identified by 'name' with the code contained in
'method', EVEN FOR PRE-EXISTING INSTANCES OF THE CLASS. The
'method' parameter should be a non-class function that has 'self'
as its first parameter.
'''

try: types
except NameError: import types

#
# this is the crux of this example, short and sweet...
#
exec "%s.%s = types.MethodTyp e( method, None, %s )" \
% ( cls.__name__, name, cls.__name__ )

#
# The remainder (50x longer than the solution!) is test code...
#

# one new-style class...
class NewStyleClass( object ):

def __init__ ( self, objname ):
print "Created a NewStyleClass, id %d, %s" % \
( id( self ), objname )
self.objname = objname

def ExistingMethod( self, msg ):
print "Original ExistingMethod, id %d, %s: '%s'" % \
( id( self ), self.objname, msg )

# one 'classic' style class...
class OldStyleClass:

def __init__ ( self, objname ):
print "Created a OldStyleClass, id %d, %s" % \
( id( self ), objname )
self.objname = objname

def ExistingMethod( self, msg ):
print "Original ExistingMethod, id %d, %s: '%s'" % \
( id( self ), self.objname, msg )

# two non-class functions that *look* like bound methods in a class;
# one returns a value, the other just outputs a string...
def NeverInOriginal Class( self, msg ):
return "Never in original class, id %d, %s: '%s'" % \
( id( self ), self.objname, msg )

def NewExistingMeth od( self, msg ):
print "REPLACED ExistingMethod, id %d, %s: '%s'" % \
( id( self ), self.objname, msg )

# a test routine...
def Test( cls ):

print "--- %s ----------------------------------------------" % \
cls.__name__

print "type of class %s is '%s'" % ( cls.__name__, type( cls ) )

before_change = cls('instance created before change')

print "type of object before_change is '%s'" % type(before_cha nge)

# 'A' shows that we start with an existing method....
before_change.E xistingMethod( 'A' )

print "*** Replacing bound method 'ExistingMethod '..."

AddBoundMethod( cls, "ExistingMethod ", NewExistingMeth od )

after_change = cls( 'instance created AFTER change' )

print "type of after_change is '%s'" % type( after_change )

# 'B' and 'C' show we've replaced an existing method, both on
# pre-existing instances and instances created after using
# AddBoundMethod( )
before_change.E xistingMethod( 'B' )
after_change.Ex istingMethod( 'C' )

print "*** Adding new bound method 'AddedMethod'.. ."

AddBoundMethod( after_change.__ class__, "AddedMetho d",
NeverInOriginal Class )

# 'D' and 'E' show we've added a brand new method, both on
# pre-existing instances and instances created after using
# AddBoundMethod( )
print "%s" % before_change.A ddedMethod( 'D' )
print "%s" % after_change.Ad dedMethod( 'E' )

if __name__ == '__main__':

Test( OldStyleClass )
Test( NewStyleClass )

**Devan L** · Aug 31 '05, 04:35 AM

Re: Adding bound methods dynamically... CORRECTED

Kevin Little wrote:[color=blue]
> I want to dynamically add or replace bound methods in a class. I want
> the modifications to be immediately effective across all instances,
> whether created before or after the class was modified. I need this
> to work for both old ('classic') and new style classes, at both 2.3
> and 2.4. I of course want to avoid side effects, and to make the
> solution as light-weight as possible.
>
> Question for the experts: Is the solution coded in AddBoundMethod( )
> acceptable to the Pythonian Gods? :) It does seem to work -- tested
> at 2.3.5 (RH Linux) and 2.4.1 (WinXP)
>
> [Code][/color]

I'm not an expert, but why do you need to dynamically add or replace
bound methods?

**Gregory Bond** · Aug 31 '05, 08:55 AM

Re: Adding bound methods dynamically...

Kevin Little wrote:
[color=blue]
> I want to dynamically add or replace bound methods in a class. I want[/color]

I asked a seemingly-unrelated question a week or so ago, and learned
something interesting:

Python 2.3.4 (#2, Jul 12 2004, 12:46:36)
[GCC 3.3] on sunos5
Type "help", "copyright" , "credits" or "license" for more information.[color=blue][color=green][color=darkred]
>>> def foo(self):[/color][/color][/color]
... print "foo called"
...[color=blue][color=green][color=darkred]
>>> class C(object):[/color][/color][/color]
... pass
...[color=blue][color=green][color=darkred]
>>> type(foo)[/color][/color][/color]
<type 'function'>[color=blue][color=green][color=darkred]
>>> C.foo = foo
>>> type(C.foo)[/color][/color][/color]
<type 'instancemethod '>[color=blue][color=green][color=darkred]
>>> c = C()
>>> c.foo()[/color][/color][/color]
foo called[color=blue][color=green][color=darkred]
>>> type(c.foo)[/color][/color][/color]
<type 'instancemethod '>[color=blue][color=green][color=darkred]
>>>[/color][/color][/color]

I.e. assigning a normal function object to a class object turns it into
a member function!

You can read more in the thread with the subject 'keeping a ref to a
non-member function in a class'.

**bruno modulix** · Aug 31 '05, 09:15 AM

Re: Adding bound methods dynamically... CORRECTED

Devan L wrote:[color=blue]
> Kevin Little wrote:
>[color=green]
>>I want to dynamically add or replace bound methods in a class.[/color][/color]

(snip)
[color=blue]
> I'm not an expert, but why do you need to dynamically add or replace
> bound methods?[/color]

To modify the behaviour at runtime ?-)

There are a lot of idioms/patterns in dynamic languages that seems
somewhat alien at first, then become an obvious solution. When I
discovered first-class functions and anonymous functions with Python
some years ago, I wondered what could be the use of such things. Now I
couldn't live without...

--
bruno desthuilliers
python -c "print '@'.join(['.'.join([w[::-1] for w in p.split('.')]) for
p in 'onurb@xiludom. gro'.split('@')])"

**Mike Meyer** · Sep 1 '05, 02:25 AM

Re: Adding bound methods dynamically... CORRECTED

bruno modulix <onurb@xiludom. gro> writes:
[color=blue]
> Devan L wrote:[color=green]
>> Kevin Little wrote:
>>[color=darkred]
>>>I want to dynamically add or replace bound methods in a class.[/color][/color]
>
> (snip)
>[color=green]
>> I'm not an expert, but why do you need to dynamically add or replace
>> bound methods?[/color]
>
> To modify the behaviour at runtime ?-)
>
> There are a lot of idioms/patterns in dynamic languages that seems
> somewhat alien at first, then become an obvious solution. When I
> discovered first-class functions and anonymous functions with Python
> some years ago, I wondered what could be the use of such things. Now I
> couldn't live without...[/color]

Yes, but rather than going through the contortions you do to bind a
new method into place, why not make the method in question act as a
proxy for the real method? After all, with first-class functions,
that's easy.

<mike
--
Mike Meyer <mwm@mired.or g> http://www.mired.org/home/mwm/
Independent WWW/Perforce/FreeBSD/Unix consultant, email for more information.

**Diez B. Roggisch** · Sep 1 '05, 07:15 AM

Re: Adding bound methods dynamically... CORRECTED

>[color=blue]
> Yes, but rather than going through the contortions you do to bind a
> new method into place, why not make the method in question act as a
> proxy for the real method? After all, with first-class functions,
> that's easy.[/color]

Because you don't have to write that proxy. Pure lazyness :)

Diez

**bruno modulix** · Sep 1 '05, 05:45 PM

Re: Adding bound methods dynamically... CORRECTED

Mike Meyer wrote:[color=blue]
> bruno modulix <onurb@xiludom. gro> writes:
>[color=green]
>>Devan L wrote:
>>[color=darkred]
>>>Kevin Little wrote:
>>>
>>>
>>>>I want to dynamically add or replace bound methods in a class.[/color]
>>
>>(snip)
>>
>>[color=darkred]
>>>I'm not an expert, but why do you need to dynamically add or replace
>>>bound methods?[/color]
>>
>>To modify the behaviour at runtime ?-)
>>[/color][/color]
(snip)[color=blue]
>
> Yes, but rather than going through the contortions you do to bind a
> new method into place,[/color]

Contortion ? Which contortion ?

class Foo(object):
def __init__(self, name):
self.name = name

def greet1(self, who):
print "hello %s, this is %s" % (who, self.name)

def greet2(self, who):
print "Yo %s, have a drink with Daddy %s" % (who, self.name)

f = Foo('Python')

Foo.greet = greet1
f.greet('Monty' )
Foo.greet = greet2
f.greet('Monty' )
[color=blue]
> why not make the method in question act as a
> proxy for the real method?[/color]

Please show us an implementation.

--
bruno desthuilliers
python -c "print '@'.join(['.'.join([w[::-1] for w in p.split('.')]) for
p in 'onurb@xiludom. gro'.split('@')])"

**Bruno Desthuilliers** · Sep 1 '05, 08:45 PM

Re: Adding bound methods dynamically... CORRECTED

Kevin Little a écrit :

Oops, sorry, forgot to answer
[color=blue]
> '''
> I want to dynamically add or replace bound methods in a class.[/color]
(snip)[color=blue]
> Is there a more pythonic way that's as straight forward?[/color]

What's wrong with:

class Foo:
pass

def method(self):
print "%s" % self

f = Foo()
Foo.method = method
f.method()

Adding bound methods dynamically...

Adding bound methods dynamically...

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