*** [block.exe] Error 1

[flyvin]

I just got the OpenGL SuperBible and wanted to try to compile an example file. At first I got a big list of errors. I added -lopengl32 -lglut32 into Project Options -> Parameters -> Linker. Then all it said was *** [block.exe] Error 1 (bock.exe is my program) I am using Dev C++ 4.9.9.2. Here is the program I am trying to compile.

  // Block.cpp
// OpenGL SuperBible, Chapter 1
// Demonstrates an assortment of basic 3D concepts
// Program by Richard S. Wright Jr.

#include "../shared/gltools.h"	// OpenGL toolkit
#include "../shared/math3d.h"
#include <math.h>

// Keep track of effects step
int nStep = 0;


// Lighting data
GLfloat lightAmbient[] = { 0.2f, 0.2f, 0.2f, 1.0f };
GLfloat lightDiffuse[] = { 0.7f, 0.7f, 0.7f, 1.0f };
GLfloat lightSpecular[] = { 0.9f, 0.9f, 0.9f };
GLfloat materialColor[] = { 0.8f, 0.0f, 0.0f };
GLfloat vLightPos[] = { -80.0f, 120.0f, 100.0f, 0.0f };
GLfloat ground[3][3] = { { 0.0f, -25.0f, 0.0f },
                        { 10.0f, -25.0f, 0.0f },
                        { 10.0f, -25.0f, -10.0f } };

GLuint textures[4];





// Called to draw scene
void RenderScene(void)
	{
	M3DMatrix44f mCubeTransform;
	M3DVector4f pPlane;
	

	// Clear the window with current clearing color
	glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT);
	glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH);
	glEnable(GL_NORMALIZE);

	glPushMatrix();

	// Draw plane that the cube rests on
	glDisable(GL_LIGHTING);
	if(nStep == 5)
		{
		glColor3ub(255,255,255);
		glEnable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
		glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[0]);
		glBegin(GL_QUADS);
			glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
			glVertex3f(-100.0f, -25.3f, -100.0f);
			glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f);
			glVertex3f(-100.0f, -25.3f, 100.0f);		
			glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
			glVertex3f(100.0f,  -25.3f, 100.0f);
			glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);
			glVertex3f(100.0f,  -25.3f, -100.0f);
		glEnd();
		}
	else
		{
		glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.90f); // Blue
		glBegin(GL_QUADS);
			glVertex3f(-100.0f, -25.3f, -100.0f);
			glVertex3f(-100.0f, -25.3f, 100.0f);		
			glVertex3f(100.0f,  -25.3f, 100.0f);
			glVertex3f(100.0f,  -25.3f, -100.0f);
		glEnd();
		}


	// Set drawing color to Red
	glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

	// Enable, disable lighting
	if(nStep > 2)
		{
		glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);
		glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);
		glEnable(GL_COLOR_MATERIAL);

		glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_AMBIENT, lightAmbient);
		glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_DIFFUSE, lightDiffuse);
		glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0, GL_SPECULAR, lightSpecular);
		glEnable(GL_LIGHTING);
		glEnable(GL_LIGHT0);
		glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_SPECULAR,lightSpecular);
		glMaterialfv(GL_FRONT, GL_AMBIENT_AND_DIFFUSE, materialColor);
		glMateriali(GL_FRONT, GL_SHININESS,128);
		}

	// Move the cube slightly forward and to the left
	glTranslatef(-10.0f, 0.0f, 10.0f);

	switch(nStep)
		{
		// Just draw the wire framed cube
		case 0:
			glutWireCube(50.0f);
			break;

		// Same wire cube with hidden line removal simulated
		case 1:
			// Front Face (before rotation)
			glBegin(GL_LINES);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,25.0f,25.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,-25.0f,25.0f);
				
				glVertex3f(25.0f,-25.0f,25.0f);
				glVertex3f(-25.0f,-25.0f,25.0f);

				glVertex3f(-25.0f,-25.0f,25.0f);
				glVertex3f(-25.0f,25.0f,25.0f);

				glVertex3f(-25.0f,25.0f,25.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,25.0f,25.0f);
			glEnd();

			// Top of cube
			glBegin(GL_LINES);
				// Front Face
				glVertex3f(25.0f,25.0f,25.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,25.0f,-25.0f);
				
				glVertex3f(25.0f,25.0f,-25.0f);
				glVertex3f(-25.0f,25.0f,-25.0f);

				glVertex3f(-25.0f,25.0f,-25.0f);
				glVertex3f(-25.0f,25.0f,25.0f);

				glVertex3f(-25.0f,25.0f,25.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,25.0f,25.0f);
			glEnd();

			// Last two segments for effect
			glBegin(GL_LINES);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,25.0f,-25.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,-25.0f,-25.0f);

				glVertex3f(25.0f,-25.0f,-25.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,-25.0f,25.0f);
			glEnd();
		
			break;

		// Uniform colored surface, looks 2D and goofey
		case 2:
			glutSolidCube(50.0f);
			break;

		case 3:
			glutSolidCube(50.0f);
			break;

		// Draw a shadow with some lighting
		case 4:
			glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, mCubeTransform);
			glutSolidCube(50.0f);
			glPopMatrix();

			// Disable lighting, we'll just draw the shadow as black
			glDisable(GL_LIGHTING);
			
			glPushMatrix();

			m3dGetPlaneEquation(pPlane, ground[0], ground[1], ground[2]);
			m3dMakePlanarShadowMatrix(mCubeTransform, pPlane, vLightPos);
			//MakeShadowMatrix(ground, lightpos, cubeXform);
			glMultMatrixf(mCubeTransform);
			
			glTranslatef(-10.0f, 0.0f, 10.0f);			
			
			// Set drawing color to Black
			glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);

			glutSolidCube(50.0f);
			break;

		case 5:
			glColor3ub(255,255,255);
			glGetFloatv(GL_MODELVIEW_MATRIX, mCubeTransform);

			// Front Face (before rotation)
			glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[1]);
			glBegin(GL_QUADS);
				glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,25.0f,25.0f);
				glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,-25.0f,25.0f);
				glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
				glVertex3f(-25.0f,-25.0f,25.0f);
				glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f);
				glVertex3f(-25.0f,25.0f,25.0f);
			glEnd();

			// Top of cube
			glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[2]);
			glBegin(GL_QUADS);
				// Front Face
				glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,25.0f,25.0f);
				glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,25.0f,-25.0f);
				glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
				glVertex3f(-25.0f,25.0f,-25.0f);
				glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f);
				glVertex3f(-25.0f,25.0f,25.0f);
			glEnd();

			// Last two segments for effect
			glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[3]);
			glBegin(GL_QUADS);
				glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 1.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,25.0f,-25.0f);
				glTexCoord2f(1.0f, 0.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,-25.0f,-25.0f);
				glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 0.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,-25.0f,25.0f);
				glTexCoord2f(0.0f, 1.0f);
				glVertex3f(25.0f,25.0f,25.0f);
			glEnd();
		

			glPopMatrix();

			// Disable lighting, we'll just draw the shadow as black
			glDisable(GL_LIGHTING);
			glDisable(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
			
			glPushMatrix();

			m3dGetPlaneEquation(pPlane, ground[0], ground[1], ground[2]);
			m3dMakePlanarShadowMatrix(mCubeTransform, pPlane, vLightPos);
			glMultMatrixf(mCubeTransform);			
			
			glTranslatef(-10.0f, 0.0f, 10.0f);			
			
			// Set drawing color to Black
			glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
			glutSolidCube(50.0f);
			break;
			
		}

	glPopMatrix();

	// Flush drawing commands
	glutSwapBuffers();
	}

// This function does any needed initialization on the rendering
// context. 
void SetupRC()
	{
        GLbyte *pBytes;
        GLint nWidth, nHeight, nComponents;
        GLenum format;

	// Black background
	glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f );

        glTexEnvi(GL_TEXTURE_ENV,GL_TEXTURE_ENV_MODE, GL_MODULATE);
        glGenTextures(4, textures);
        
	// Load the texture objects
        pBytes = gltLoadTGA("floor.tga", &nWidth, &nHeight, &nComponents, &format);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[0]);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,nComponents,nWidth, nHeight, 0,
		format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pBytes);
	free(pBytes);

	pBytes = gltLoadTGA("Block4.tga", &nWidth, &nHeight, &nComponents, &format);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[1]);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,nComponents,nWidth, nHeight, 0,
		format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pBytes);
	free(pBytes);

	pBytes = gltLoadTGA("block5.tga", &nWidth, &nHeight, &nComponents, &format);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[2]);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,nComponents,nWidth, nHeight, 0,
		format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pBytes);
	free(pBytes);

	pBytes = gltLoadTGA("block6.tga", &nWidth, &nHeight, &nComponents, &format);
        glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, textures[3]);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_S, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_WRAP_T, GL_REPEAT);
	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,nComponents,nWidth, nHeight, 0,
		format, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, pBytes);
	free(pBytes);
        }

void KeyPressFunc(unsigned char key, int x, int y)
	{
	if(key == 32)
		{
		nStep++;

		if(nStep > 5)
			nStep = 0;
		}

	// Refresh the Window
	glutPostRedisplay();
	}


void ChangeSize(int w, int h)
	{
	// Calculate new clipping volume
	GLfloat windowWidth;
	GLfloat windowHeight;

	// Prevent a divide by zero, when window is too short
	// (you cant make a window of zero width).
	if(h == 0)
		h = 1;

	// Keep the square square
	if (w <= h) 
		{
		windowHeight = 100.0f*(GLfloat)h/(GLfloat)w;
		windowWidth = 100.0f;
		}
    else 
		{
		windowWidth = 100.0f*(GLfloat)w/(GLfloat)h;
		windowHeight = 100.0f;
		}

        // Set the viewport to be the entire window
        glViewport(0, 0, w, h);

        glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);
        glLoadIdentity();

	// Set the clipping volume
	glOrtho(-100.0f, windowWidth, -100.0f, windowHeight, -200.0f, 200.0f);

        glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
        glLoadIdentity();

	glLightfv(GL_LIGHT0,GL_POSITION, vLightPos);

	glRotatef(30.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);
	glRotatef(330.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
	}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
	{
	glutInit(&argc, argv);
	glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE | GLUT_RGBA | GLUT_DEPTH);
	glutInitWindowSize(800, 600);
	glutCreateWindow("3D Effects Demo");
	glutReshapeFunc(ChangeSize);
	glutKeyboardFunc(KeyPressFunc);
	glutDisplayFunc(RenderScene);

	SetupRC();

	glutMainLoop();
	glDeleteTextures(4,textures);
	return 0;
	}

[arnaudk]

Did you do a "rebuild all"? Incidentally, I think you'd be better off using the free VC++2008 Express if you're working in windows, DevC++ is no longer updated as of 2005. Some people also like CodeBlocks.

[flyvin]

I downloaded code blocks(I like open source) and its awesome! Unfortunately, I still have an error. I think I have trouble including gltools.h. Has anyone used this book?

[flyvin]

Also, its different errors now. It says it cant find some functions, and there in gltools.h

[arnaudk]

If it can not find functions which are declared in gltools.h at linktime, then you probably haven't linked the correct libraries or the linker can't find then (adjust your paths). Can you can show us the error messages?

[flyvin]

Here are my errors. I'm pretty new, and I'm not quite sure how to link a library.

obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x3da)||In function `Z11RenderScenev':|
F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|102|undefined reference to `glutWireCube'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x6d6):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|151|undefined reference to `glutSolidCube'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x6e9):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|155|undefined reference to `glutSolidCube'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x712):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|161|undefined reference to `glutSolidCube'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x74e):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|169|undefined reference to `m3dGetPlaneEquation(float*, float const*, float const*, float const*)'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x768):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|170|undefined reference to `m3dMakePlanarShadowMatrix(float*, float const*, float const*)'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x7c8):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|179|undefined reference to `glutSolidCube'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0xb95):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|235|undefined reference to `m3dGetPlaneEquation(float*, float const*, float const*, float const*)'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0xbaf):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|236|undefined reference to `m3dMakePlanarShadowMatrix(float*, float const*, float const*)'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0xc0f):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|243|undefined reference to `glutSolidCube'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0xc19):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|251|undefined reference to `glutSwapBuffers'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0xcab)||In function `Z7SetupRCv':|
F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|269|undefined reference to `gltLoadTGA(char const*, int*, int*, int*, unsigned int*)'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0xdb4):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|279|undefined reference to `gltLoadTGA(char const*, int*, int*, int*, unsigned int*)'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0xebd):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|289|undefined reference to `gltLoadTGA(char const*, int*, int*, int*, unsigned int*)'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0xfc6):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|299|undefined reference to `gltLoadTGA(char const*, int*, int*, int*, unsigned int*)'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x10da)||In function `Z12KeyPressFunchii':|
F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|321|undefined reference to `glutPostRedisplay'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x126c)||In function `main':|
F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|368|undefined reference to `glutInit'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x1278):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|369|undefined reference to `glutInitDisplayMode'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x128c):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|370|undefined reference to `glutInitWindowSize'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x1298):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|371|undefined reference to `glutCreateWindow'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x12a4):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|372|undefined reference to `glutReshapeFunc'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x12b0):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|373|undefined reference to `glutKeyboardFunc'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x12bc):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|374|undefined reference to `glutDisplayFunc'|
obj\Debug\Block.o(.text+0x12c6):F:\Documents and Settings\Sam\Desktop\C++ programing\OpenGL\test1\Block.cpp|378|undefined reference to `glutMainLoop'|
||=== Build finished: 24 errors, 0 warnings ===|

[flyvin]

I found a library file, but I still cant figure out how to link it.

[arnaudk]

The way you link libraries depends on your compiler and IDE. For g++, for example, you can link the libraries opengl32 and glut32 using the command line switches -lopengl32 -lglut32. You need to figure out how to link those relevant libraries in your IDE, have a look through your compiler/IDE reference manual.

[flyvin]

I have glut and opengl fine, but theres a file called freeglut_static .lib and I think I need it. If its not that, then a I have no idea what to do.

[arnaudk]

I'm not familiar with the OpenGL Superbible, but if you think you need to link freeglut_static .lib, you can do this in g++ with -lfreeglut_stati c. You might need to tell the compiler where to look for freeglut_static .lib, and you can do this in g++ using the -L switch (see g++ manual online). Have a careful look through the notes that came with your book about compiling the examples, one would think it would not have been taken for granted that you should know how to do this knowing nothing about the libraries that it comes with.