Declaring array of references.

[rayreeves]

How do I declare an array of references to the elements of an array of
values?

Ray

[igd]

Re: Declaring array of references.

To convert a value type to a reference type and vise versa use
boxing/unboxing.

int foo = 42;
object bar = foo; // boxing
int helloWorld = (int)bar; // unboxing

In your case:

int[] intArray = new int[...];
object[] boxedIntArray = new object[...];

for(int n = 0; n < intArray.Count; ++n)
boxedIntArray[n] = intArray[n];

rayreeves schrieb:

How do I declare an array of references to the elements of an array of
values?
>
Ray

[Brian Gideon]

Re: Declaring array of references.

Ray,

I think the easiest way is to have the reference array store the
indexes into the value array. Did I understand your question
correctly?

Brian

rayreeves wrote:

How do I declare an array of references to the elements of an array of
values?
>
Ray

[Bruce Wood]

Re: Declaring array of references.


rayreeves wrote:

How do I declare an array of references to the elements of an array of
values?

Do you mean an array of arrays? You can simply do this:

int[][] arrayOfArraysOf Ints;

You then have to say how many arrays you want in the main array:

arrayOfArraysOf Ints = new int[15][];

And you then have to create each array of values individually:

arrayOfArraysOf Ints[0] = new int[12];
arrayOfArraysOf Ints[1] = new int[23];
arrayOfArraysOf Ints[2] = new int[52];
....

Is that what you were after?

[rayreeves]

Re: Declaring array of references.

I don't want an array of arrays, I think "igd" has given me what I want.
I have the old problem of sorting efficiently. My values are structures,
and instead of shunting them about I want to shunt the references.
Thanks for all your help.

Ray

"rayreeves reeves@verizon. net>" <ray<mondwrot e in message
news:T_5th.1954 $dk1.95@trndny0 3...

How do I declare an array of references to the elements of an array of
values?
>
Ray
>
>

[Bruce Wood]

Re: Declaring array of references.


rayreeves wrote:

I don't want an array of arrays, I think "igd" has given me what I want.
I have the old problem of sorting efficiently. My values are structures,
and instead of shunting them about I want to shunt the references.
Thanks for all your help.

1. Your structs should never be so big that shuffling them about on a
sort causes efficiency concerns.

2. The solution given will not be more efficient for sorting. In order
to get the structs into the array of objects, each struct will have to
be boxed. This means that an object will have to be allocated on the
heap and the contents of the struct copied into it. Then, in order to
compare the struct values (for sorting), you will require an additional
pointer dereference to unbox the value. Then, when it's all over, the
boxes will have to be garbage collected off the heap.

How are your structs defined? As a general rule they shouldn't be
bigger than 16 bytes or so.

[rayreeves]

Re: Declaring array of references.

This self-appointed project is to produce the world's fastest prime number
generator, where speed is the only criterion.
For example, on my 1300M processor my C++ code found the 5 000 000 primes
less than 100 000 000 in 14 secs. Unfortunately, I lost my hard drive and
all my source so I have to rewrite it, and it seems like a good time to try
in C#.
I can see that I have been under some misapprehension s about arrays and
references but I now understand that if I declare a class PRIMEVALUE with
two int fields p2 and pn and then declare an array pq = new PRIMEVALUE[some
size] it will take a suitable space on the heap and I can then populate the
elements with pq[i] = new PRIMEVALUE(p2Va lue, pnValue) and those element
values will also be on the heap. Now I assume that when I interchange
elements of pq
with swap(pq[i], pq[j]) the references will be exchanged but the values
remain where they are.
I also assume that references are the size of one int, so moving them should
be faster than moving two ints. Every msec counts! Garbage collection, I
think, is irrelevant.

In C++ I understood perfectly well what was going on, but C# conceals so
much that I have some doubts that it is suitable for this purpose.

Ray

..
"Bruce Wood" <brucewood@cana da.comwrote in message
news:1169504957 .890768.78060@3 8g2000cwa.googl egroups.com...

>

1. Your structs should never be so big that shuffling them about on a
sort causes efficiency concerns.
>
2. The solution given will not be more efficient for sorting. In order
to get the structs into the array of objects, each struct will have to
be boxed. This means that an object will have to be allocated on the
heap and the contents of the struct copied into it. Then, in order to
compare the struct values (for sorting), you will require an additional
pointer dereference to unbox the value. Then, when it's all over, the
boxes will have to be garbage collected off the heap.
>
How are your structs defined? As a general rule they shouldn't be
bigger than 16 bytes or so.
>

[Brian Gideon]

Re: Declaring array of references.

If PRIMEVALUE really is a class then the swapping would involve the
references only. If PRIMEVALUE is a struct then it must be boxed and
unboxed.

rayreeves wrote:

This self-appointed project is to produce the world's fastest prime number
generator, where speed is the only criterion.
For example, on my 1300M processor my C++ code found the 5 000 000 primes
less than 100 000 000 in 14 secs. Unfortunately, I lost my hard drive and
all my source so I have to rewrite it, and it seems like a good time to try
in C#.
I can see that I have been under some misapprehension s about arrays and
references but I now understand that if I declare a class PRIMEVALUE with
two int fields p2 and pn and then declare an array pq = new PRIMEVALUE[some
size] it will take a suitable space on the heap and I can then populate the
elements with pq[i] = new PRIMEVALUE(p2Va lue, pnValue) and those element
values will also be on the heap. Now I assume that when I interchange
elements of pq
with swap(pq[i], pq[j]) the references will be exchanged but the values
remain where they are.
I also assume that references are the size of one int, so moving them should
be faster than moving two ints. Every msec counts! Garbage collection, I
think, is irrelevant.
>
In C++ I understood perfectly well what was going on, but C# conceals so
much that I have some doubts that it is suitable for this purpose.
>
Ray
>
.

[Marc Gravell]

Re: Declaring array of references.

Surely it will only box if you talk about it as an "object" or access
object methods; just talking to a (heap) array doesn't cause boxing as
far as I can see....

Marc

[Brian Gideon]

Re: Declaring array of references.

Err...yes. The OP was using an array of PRIMEVALUE objects and not an
object array. Nice catch. So I suppose it's not the boxing that's an
issue, but the copying of the fields.

Marc Gravell wrote:

Surely it will only box if you talk about it as an "object" or access
object methods; just talking to a (heap) array doesn't cause boxing as
far as I can see....
>
Marc

[Bruce Wood]

Re: Declaring array of references.


rayreeves wrote:

This self-appointed project is to produce the world's fastest prime number
generator, where speed is the only criterion.
For example, on my 1300M processor my C++ code found the 5 000 000 primes
less than 100 000 000 in 14 secs. Unfortunately, I lost my hard drive and
all my source so I have to rewrite it, and it seems like a good time to try
in C#.
I can see that I have been under some misapprehension s about arrays and
references but I now understand that if I declare a class PRIMEVALUE with
two int fields p2 and pn and then declare an array pq = new PRIMEVALUE[some
size] it will take a suitable space on the heap and I can then populate the
elements with pq[i] = new PRIMEVALUE(p2Va lue, pnValue) and those element
values will also be on the heap. Now I assume that when I interchange
elements of pq
with swap(pq[i], pq[j]) the references will be exchanged but the values
remain where they are.
I also assume that references are the size of one int, so moving them should
be faster than moving two ints.

Not necessarily. Consider the pros and the cons of the two scenarios.

1. Make PrimeValue a struct. It is therefore a value type and lives
directly within the array, which is allocated as one block on the heap.

o You must swap PrimeValue values, which are 64 bytes each, rather than
pointers, which are 32 bytes each (until you switch to 64-bit, at which
point they will be the same size as PrimeValue, unless you want
PrimeValue of 64+64 = 128 bits...).
o Single pointer dereference to get at any element of the array: array
address plus offset gets you the value.
o Values are close together, and so chunks of the array will fit in the
on-processor cache. If you are exchanging adjacent elements of part of
a sort, this will be FAST. (Of course, it depends upon which sort
you're using and how the processor manages the cache....)
o No garbage collection (apart from the array as a whole). (See below.)

2. Make PrimeValue a class. It is therefore a reference type, and each
PrimeValue will be allocated separately on the heap. The array will be
an array of pointers, and only pointers will be exchanged.

o You can swap pointers rather than PrimeValue values.
o Double pointer dereference to get at any element of the array: array
address plus offset gets you the address, which you must then
dereference again to get the value.
o Values are scattered about in memory, and are (by definition) no kept
with any part of the array (except perhaps the start and the end). In
order to follow the double-reference noted above, the processor must
fetch a chunk of the array and then a chunk of memory where the value
is stored. Poor use of on-board cache, probably resulting in
significant performance degradation.
o Garbage collection needed for each array element. (See below.)

Every msec counts! Garbage collection, I think, is irrelevant.

It may well be, depending upon how much computation is done for each
PrimeValue creation / destruction. If the PrimeValues are allocated on
start-up, and deallocated only when the application terminates, and
there's a lot of computation in between, then GC is an overhead cost
and really doesn't contribute much. If you're constantly creating new
PrimeValues and destroying them (or, if they're value types, boxing
them and then abandoning the boxed copy) it could come with a
significant penalty. It all depends upon your algorithm, and how you
design the PrimeValue type.

In C++ I understood perfectly well what was going on, but C# conceals so
much that I have some doubts that it is suitable for this purpose.

I don't know that C# conceals all that much, really. You just have to
understand value versus reference types and what is happening in each
case. It all relates back to what's going on under the covers. It's
just unfamiliar.

In your case, I believe that the benefits of having the 64 (or 128) bit
values directly in an array outweight the benefits of swapping only
pointers. Particularly the superior use of on-board cache should give
you a big performance boost. At the very least, keep in mind that all
memory accesses are not created equal, and that if you want raw speed,
how you lay things out in memory has a significant effect, so it's not
just how many bits you're moving around, it's also which memory you're
moving them about in.

As well, don't forget the cost of the double pointer dereference.
That's four fetches for every value comparison, not just two. Since in
any sort there are typically more comparisons than swaps, you will lose
performance there.

So it's not cut-and-dried: pointers mean moving less data, but at the
cost of an extra dereference and poorer use of on-board cache; values
mean moving more data, but save you a pointer dereference and make
better use of on-board cache. You may have to write both and benchmark
the two programs. :-)

[rayreeves]

Re: Declaring array of references.

Thanks for the tremendous support!

Ray